what do cosmonauts research and observe on the orbit of Earth?



The Earth's Orbit
Like all planets in our solar system, the Earth is in an elliptical orbit around our Sun. In Earth's case, its orbit is nearly circular, so that the difference between Earth's farthest point from the Sun and its closest point is very small. Earth's orbit defines a two-dimensional plane which we call the ecliptic.
It takes roughly 365 days for the Earth to go around the Sun once. This means that the Earth is rushing through space around the Sun at a rate of about 67,000 miles per hour! The time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun one full time is what we call a year.


Overview of ISS Earth Observations
The International Space Station is a "global observation and diagnosis station." It promotes international Earth observations aimed at understanding and resolving the environmental issues of our home planet.

The space station offers a unique vantage for observing the Earth's ecosystems with hands-on and automated equipment. These options enable astronauts to observe and explain what they witness in real time. Station crews can observe and collect camera images of events as they unfold and may also provide input to ground personnel programming the station's automated Earth-sensing systems. This flexibility is an advantage over sensors on unmanned spacecraft, especially when unexpected natural events, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, occur.

The Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, largely protect life on the planet from cosmic radiation. When astronauts travel beyond that protective bubble, energetic particles called galactic cosmic rays bombard their bodies. Galactic cosmic rays are thought to be the remnants of supernovae and contribute to the space radiation environment along with protons and helium nuclei ejected from our Sun.

Simulating space radiation on Earth
We along with other radiation biologists, are specifically concerned about astronauts because, with our current technology, there is no way to protect or shield them from space radiation.
The cosmic radiation particles traveling near the speed of light collide with the spacecraft and generate fragmentation products including neutrons. These fragmentation products still have the energy to pass through the human body.

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